Among the many initiatives undertaken under the policy of cooperation between the EU and the countries of emigration overseas, particular emphasis is given to the Partnership euro-Mediterranean partnership. This ambitious multi-sectoral and multilateral cooperation initiative was established with the
The document was adopted in 1995 by the countries mentioned above is intended to achieve, by 2010 a free trade area within which the various States undertake to liberalize the movement of goods and management by common rules the movement of people, through the implementation of cooperation programs which must specify, inter alia, the program Meda for production of information on various national issues such as national accounts, the accounts of tourism and foreign trade, as well as statistical data on migration flows and stocks in the countries concerned.
In particular, the project Medmigr under the Programme Medstat, is a statistical tool for cooperation on migration, he is facing the production of comparable statistical information and in the future, harmonized, allowing the 27 Mediterranean countries to establish a policy of emigration and immigration, consistent and enforceable. This program provides an inter-institutional cooperation where stakeholders are represented by the statistical institutes, while the jurisdiction of the movement of people lies with the Ministries of Interior [2] .
From 1995 to 1999 was carried out to analyze the situation of the twelve non-EU countries bordering the Mediterranean, from a statistical point of view, from this study showed that Malta, Cyprus and Israel have to be a rather regular time production data on migration - both incoming and outgoing - because the first two were candidates for EU membership, while the State of Israel has continuous relations with European organizations. In particular, the state regularly produces data on Cyprus own nationals who return to Cyprus, as well as conducting investigations at the frontier to know the extent of the flows and their characteristics, the Maltese government is interested in making estimates on illegal immigration, Israel [3] instead is a country of immigration since 1992 is estimated to have received about 2.28 million migrants, 83% for the former Soviet Union.
recorded in the remaining countries, the situation is completely different. There are some for whom emigration and immigration have never represented a theme of interest is even more convenient for certain silenced the number of people who turn away from, not to diminish the social attention on his country. And 'this is the case of Morocco, which has begun to show interest and recognition in respect of the migration phenomenon only since 1992, having become aware of the share of these remittances to GDP. Whole areas of the country have been known not by the development of specific policies, rural or urban domestic, but with the resources of those who carry out their productive activities away from the country. Currently, Morocco, providing a passageway for illegal migration, and by virtue thrust of the proposals offered by cooperation on statistics provided by the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, is engaged in activities that can be estimated influx of illegal immigrants.
Since the completion of the Program is therefore important progress has been made for the purposes of scientific research. Now we need to focus on the improvement of the sources, or the correctness of the data provided by the Ministries of Interior, through the registers of input and output to borders, records of work permits and residence permits of those for whose seal is required greater control by the Ministries themselves.
is currently a cooperative activity between the Institute of Statistics and the Ministries of Interior, which is expected to lead to having better information on inbound and outbound flows, stocks of immigrants in the territory and on the comparison of data on immigrants who come from these countries (taken from European sources) and those relating to migrants and drawn from national sources.
In the Barcelona Declaration stresses the importance of the role played by international migration and the need to increase cooperation to reduce the pressure migration through training and technical assistance programs to create jobs. Expressed a strong desire to jointly fight against illegal immigration.
But from the outset, the real intentions of the two building blocks of the Partnership - Member States and the twelve Mediterranean partners (to which was added to the
The stalling of the Euro can be explained, no doubt, with the extreme delicacy of the issue and the importance of political and economic interests involved.
However, the failures also seem to depend, at least in part, by a failure to set on the European side, this component of the Barcelona Process.
Member States and the EU have in fact conceived of the so-called "third pillar" of the partnership that is dedicated to the issues social and cultural, within which were placed Migration (to avoid having to choose whether to consider the safety issue or an economic phenomenon) - as an appendix, useful but not strictly necessary, a process whose heart was identified, however, with cooperation on economic and security [4] .
are then followed in continuity with Barcelona, \u200b\u200bthe Malta Conference (1997), Palermo (1998) and Stuttgart (1999) which reaffirmed the commitment to strengthen cooperation Migration euro-Mediterranean area, but have not resulted in overcoming difficulties. But it is with the Board of Santa Maria da Feira [5] (2000), highlighted a strategic perspective that will make migration a key co-development and integration between the two shores of the Mediterranean, is established the need for cooperation with Mediterranean partners (Barcelona Process) for a comprehensive approach in the field of migration that includes the social, cultural and economic. This approach will consequently fighting poverty, improving living conditions and opportunities work, conflict prevention, strengthening of democracy to respect human rights. With
Among the most important instruments of cooperation are mentioned, finally, the Association Agreements, which play a major role in the realization of a euro-Mediterranean free trade by 2010.
In particular, during the Third Conference on Trade sector of Palermo (2003), ministers Euromed developments have occurred positive of the Mediterranean Association Agreement [10] . The network of bilateral agreements is almost complete. Since the Toledo Conference were signed Association Agreements with Algeria (April 2002) and Lebanon (June 2002). The EU-Jordan Agreement entered into force in May 2002 and an interim agreement with Lebanon entered into force in March 2003. An interim agreement with Egypt is being finalized, and negotiations with Syria
With reference to South-South dimension, on 1 January 2005 entered into force on the Agadir Agreement, February 25, 2004 signed between the Foreign Ministers of Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia, which is an initiative launched in May 2001 to create a free trade area. It 'important that you realize in the future an increasing number of agreements on free trade between the Mediterranean partners themselves to ensure that the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership purchases an effective South-South dimension.
E 'of particular importance is the question whether the incentives provided by the Mediterranean integration process, carried out through the MEDA Program , are sufficient to reduce migration flows to Europe. In the region Southern Mediterranean economic growth is a necessary condition for the reduction of the imbalances that are an obstacle to a dialogue between the two sides. In this condition a proper regional economic cooperation could be an essential tool for economic development.
The relaxation of the pressure of migration could probably be achieved if, at the macro level, we reduce the gap between demand and supply of labor and if, at the microeconomic level, regional integration will be able to create expectations for employment growth and wages such as to convince potential emigrants not to abandon their country [11] . Until now the role reserved for regional cooperation has been rather limited, although importance in view of a cooperation process. It would be desirable for an intensification of resources for activities involving South-South relations, such as South-South trade integration with the opening of borders between South Mediterranean countries and with other initiatives, involving regional bodies (eg The Arab Maghreb Union).
Similarly, for what concerns the relationship between the liberalization trade and the reduction of the migration process, there is a series of questions about possible effects of such liberalization on income distribution in the country of origin, by virtue of a potential process of specialization of labor, even more so exaggerated by a liberalization of the contextual Investment [12] . E 'likely according to some authors [13] , that liberalization may paradoxically lead to a widening of the wage gap between skilled and unskilled workers, thereby encouraging the reasons underlying migration.
then opens the way for two considerations on the role that the process of integration and Mediterranean Programmes Meda are called upon to play.
First, it follows from the considerations just made that one of the crucial elements of the problem of reducing the pressure to migrate is the need to improve conditions in the sector which has the highest number of unskilled workers: the industry agriculture. You could extend the liberalization of agricultural products, accompanied by support measures financed by the European Union, which could facilitate the deep structural changes required by the industry.
Second, cooperation that will act decisively on the north-south divide should target its resources, as well as investing in human capital, which represents the degree of training and education of the inhabitants of a country (allowing you to generate new ideas as well as new businesses), including to those factors that are capable of good governance [14] . The quality of institutions, the existence of a legal system that ensure compliance with the rules, fairness and transparency of public administration, the autonomy and balancing the powers are important elements of a model of growth and development. The investments, in fact, go to countries with solid institutions, not uncertain [15] , and great importance, in this context is that there is a cohesion of social fabric, the capital, which is the set of relationships and the resulting level of trust that exists within a society, true natural glue of the economic system.
The process of peace and stability achieved in the European Union can and will be screened on the immediate neighbors of the Union. The recent Neighbourhood Policy of the European Commission [16] goes in this direction should be given a new political perspective to neighboring countries to create a mechanism for cooperation, participation in a common area that does not include, however, membership or shared institutions. greater the intensity of relations between the EU and its Mediterranean neighbors, the better the opportunities for mutual benefits in terms of stability, growth and security. To realize this ambitious project, the European Union using new tools for partnership alongside existing [17] .
This seems, however, is particularly complex in terms of political and technical-procedural. From the political point of view is a very important discussion on creating a new financial instrument that goes beyond the traditional division proximity between interior and exterior spaces, including policy internal and external policy, to support the creation of a common cohesion and development. This involves not only new mechanisms of coordination between cohesion policy and cooperation programs to neighboring countries but, in fact, the creation of a new financial instrument that integrates internal and external instruments. It is important that the creation of new financial instrument takes place close to taking into account the principles of partnership and subsidiarity, and therefore the potential role of the subnational governments and their structures. This may mean a more devolved and decentralized management of programs of cooperation with neighboring countries and, ultimately, the new instrument financial close.
Similarly you may be a greater coordination between the public and financial institutions of different levels: from regional development banks to the regional financial. In particular, the latter could play a role in supporting innovative local partnerships [18] . In this sense, it has already stressed the desirability of Intergovernmental Council of the Mediterranean, accompanied by a Bank of the Mediterranean [19] . Of course, this principle of sharing of certain values \u200b\u200band mutual benefits can be extended to other situations for which the ENP could be a valuable support for the eventual implementation of new reforms that will improve the most advanced stages of development.
Sabina Mazza
* From "Migration and the euro-Mediterranean cooperation" in Emigration Studies, n .161, CSER, 2006.
[1] The 12 Mediterranean countries are: Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey and the Palestinian Territories.
[2] often in most countries of the southern Mediterranean, indicating the absence of collaboration between producers and data users, so for these countries the primary objective of this program is the newly created inter-institutional cooperation, and for the fifteen is better.
[3] The State of Israel differs from the others for having adopted a mechanism for recording information according to which when a person or a family group claims to be a jew and get home and work, his data are collected on databases of all the Ministries.
[4] F. Shepherd, Euro-Mediterranean relations and migration, in: A. Stocchiero (ed.), dossier Migration Policy and Cooperation in the Mediterranean, CESPI , Rome October 26, 2001, pp. 43-44
[5] European Council in Santa Maria da Feira 19:20 June 2000 - Presidency Conclusions - Annex V, the EU Common Strategy on the Mediterranean Region. Also available on website: www.europa.eu.int / european_council / OPINION / index_en.htm
[6] Vth Euro-Mediterranean Conference of Foreign Ministers Affairs – Valencia, 22-23 April 2002 – Presidency Conclusions. Consultabile sul sito: www.europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/euromed/conf/val/action.pdf.
[7] Vth Euro-Mediterranean Conference of Ministers for Foreign Affairs - Valencia Action Plan.
[8] Euro-Mediterranean Ministerial Conference on trade - Toledo, 19 March 2002. Conclusions of the Presidency. available at: www.europa.eu.int / comm / trade / issues / bilateral / regions / Euromed / conferences_en.htm.
[9] FEMIP was established as an autonomous unit within the EIB
[10] Conclusions Of The Euro-Mediterranean Trade Ministerial Conference - Palermo, July 7, 2003. also be available on site: www.europa.eu.int / comm / trade / issues / bilateral / regions / Euromed / conferences_en.htm.
[11] M. Mistri, The trade-off between immigration and foreign trade. Economic development of countries of the Mediterranean and production relocation . Rivista SIEDS 'No.1-2, January-June 2002, p.. 64.
[12] See in this regard: D. Davis , 1996, Trade liberalization and Income Distribution, NBER Working Paper, n.5693, 1996, p. 3 and R. Feenstra, G. Hanson, Foreign Investment, Outsourcing and Relative Wages , in Political Economy of Trade Policy, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996, 6 p.
[13] Ibid
[14 ] Political instability could see a lot more difficult for poor countries with large young populations achieving economic growth and attract the investment needed to create job opportunities. S. . Mazza, Migration in the EU-citizens, In S. Mazza, N. Conti (ed.), Migration in international relations , Milano, Giuffrè Editore, notebooks of European Studies, Vol 1 / 2002, p. 67.
[15] V. in this sense, the contrasting trends in FDI flows to Mediterranean countries for the past year, in Eurostat, Statistics in focus , theme 1, 8 / 2003 and Eurostat, Statistics in focus , theme 2, 13/2003.
[16] See in this regard: The European Council reaffirms the importance it attaches to strengthening cooperation with neighbors on a basis of partnership, joint ownership and shared values \u200b\u200bon democracy and respect for human rights. Agrees to develop, under the European Neighbourhood Policy, Action Plans with all partners with which euro-Mediterranean Association Agreements are in force. " Brussels European Council 17 and 18 June 2004 - Presidency Conclusions. also available on website: www.europa.eu.int / european_council / OPINION / index_en.htm
[17] In May 2004
[18] International Conference - Italian Semester of EU Presidency, The interregional partnership policy Proximity: The Mediterranean and the Balkans. Ancona, 17 to 18 October 2003. Also available on site: www.cespi.it/Ancona/Paper6.PDF.
[19] Expected in the working document adopted by the Commission in February 2002: SEC (2002) 218 \u200b\u200band reiterated in Toledo: "Mediterranean partners strongly support the Laeken European Council Conclusions as Regard the creation of a Euromediterranean Bank facilitated in order to support additional financing to the private sector in the Mediterranean region . Euro-Mediterranean Ministerial Conference on trade - Toledo, 19 March 2002 – Conclusions of the Presidency, consultabile anche sul sito internet: www.europa.eu.int/comm/trade/issues/bilateral/regions/euromed/conferences_en.htm; e ripresa a Valencia: “ In the economic and financial area, Ministers agreed on the need to increase investment in order to promote growth and employment around the Mediterranean. They welcomed the decision to create a reinforced Facility within the EIB to mobilize resources in particular for private sector investment. In this respect, the Presidency took note of the strong support voiced by Mediterranean partners for the creation of a Euro-Mediterranean Bank ”. Vth Euro-Mediterranean Conference Of Foreign Ministers (Valencia, 22-23 April 2002) - Presidency Conclusions.
It is preferred, however, establish the Facility, or a facility with the EIB
